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📘 3 TYPES of AUXILIARY VERBS — BE Verbs (One-Page Notes)

Printable / Copyable · British English · Core rules + common mistakes

1️⃣ Three Types of Auxiliary Verbs

2️⃣ BE Verbs in Detail

2.1 Forms and Pronunciation (British English)

2.2 Use 1: Continuous Tenses

Continuous tenses describe an action that is in progress or happening around a particular time.

Note:

• Continuous tenses emphasise the action in progress, not the result.
• Some verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses:know, like, want, believe, belong.

2.3 Use 2: Passive Voice

Passive voice shows that the subject receives the action.

Basic structure: Subject + be + past participle (V3)

Examples:

• The letterwas writtenby Tom.
• Englishis spokenall over the world.

Passive voice in different tenses:

Note:

• Only transitive verbs can be passive.
• The doer is introduced byby.
• Bycan be omitted if the doer is unknown or unimportant.

2.4 BE as a Linking Verb (Main Verb)

BE can also be a main verb meaning “to be” or “to exist”. It is followed by a noun or adjective.

• Sheisa teacher.
• Iamhappy.
• Theyaretired.

Difference:

2.5 Negatives and Questions

Note:BE verbs form questions and negatives withoutdo/does/did.

2.6 Common Mistakes

2.7 Pronunciation and Linking (British English)

Weak forms:

• am → /əm/
• is → /z/ or /s/
• are → /ə/
• was → /wəz/
• were → /wə/

Linking:

• I am → /aɪm/
• She is → /ʃiːz/
• We are → /wiə/
• They were → /ðeɪ wə/

3️⃣ One-Page Summary

Printable · Copyable · Best kept on your desk

Teacher’s Script: BE Verbs as Auxiliary Verbs

Time:About 8–10 minutes
Level:Beginner to Elementary
Topic:BE verbs — continuous tenses and passive voice

1. Greeting and Warm-up (1 minute)

Teacher:
Good morning, everyone. Today we are going to talk aboutauxiliary verbs.
There are three main types:BE verbs,HAVE verbs, andDO verbs.
Last time we looked at DO and HAVE. Today we focus onBE verbs.

BE verbsare:am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being.
They have two main jobs: they help formcontinuous tensesand thepassive voice.
Let’s start with the forms.

(Write on the board.)

am /æm/ — is /ɪz/ — are /ɑː/ — was /wɒz/ — were /wɜː/ — be /biː/ — been /biːn/ — being /ˈbiːɪŋ/

Repeat after me:am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being.
(Students repeat.)

2. Use 1: Continuous Tenses (2 minutes)

Teacher:
Now, the first main use of BE is to formcontinuous tenses.
Continuous tenses describe an action that isin progressor happening around a particular time.

Look at these examples.

(Write on the board.)

Present continuous:am/is/are + V-ing
→ Iam teachingEnglish now.

Past continuous:was/were + V-ing
→ Iwas studyingat 7 pm yesterday.

Future continuous:will be + V-ing
→ Iwill be studyingat 10 am tomorrow.

We also have perfect continuous tenses, but those usehave beenorhad been:

• Hehas been workingall day.
• Ihad been waitingfor an hour.

Teacher:
So remember: continuous tenses always need a form ofBEplusV-ing.
For example, you cannot say “I studying.” You must say “Iamstudying.”

Now, one small note: some verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses, likeknow, like, want, believe, belong.
For example, we say “Iknowthe answer,” not “I am knowing the answer.”

3. Use 2: Passive Voice (2 minutes)

Teacher:
The second main use of BE is thepassive voice.
In passive voice, the subjectreceivesthe action. It does not do the action.

The basic structure is:

Subject + be + past participle (V3)

Examples:

• The letterwas writtenby Tom.
• Englishis spokenall over the world.

Let’s look at passive voice in different tenses.
(Write on the board.)

Teacher:
Two important points.
First, only transitive verbs can be passive — verbs that take an object.
Second, the doer is introduced byby. But if we don’t know who did it, or it’s not important, we can leave outby.

For example: “My phonewas stolen.” We don’t know who stole it, so noby.

4. BE as a Linking Verb (1 minute)

Teacher:
But BE can also be amain verb— a linking verb.
It means “to be” or “to exist,” and it is followed by a noun or adjective.

• Sheisa teacher.
• Iamhappy.
• Theyaretired.

Compare these two sentences:

In the first column, BE helps another verb. In the second column, BE is the main verb.

5. Negatives and Questions (1 minute)

Teacher:
How do we make negatives and questions with BE?
It’s easy — BE works alone. We don’t use do/does/did.

• Negative:I am not tired.
• Question:Are you tired?
• Negative question:Isn’t she coming?

So remember: BE verbs make their own questions and negatives.

6. Common Mistakes (1.5 minutes)

Teacher:
Let’s correct some common mistakes. Please repeat the correct sentence after me.

1. I studying. → Iamstudying.
2. The letter written. → The letterwaswritten.
3. He are happy. → Heishappy.
4. Do you are tired? →Areyou tired?
5. She is teach. → Sheis teaching.
6. The room is clean every day. → The roomis cleanedevery day.

(Students repeat each corrected sentence.)

Teacher:
Remember: continuous tenses need BE + V-ing.
Passive voice needs BE + V3.
And BE never uses do/does/did.

7. Pronunciation and Linking (1 minute)

Teacher:
Let’s practise pronunciation.
In fast speech, BE verbs are often weak.

(Write on the board.)

And we link them to the next word.

• I am → /aɪm/
• She is → /ʃiːz/
• We are → /wiə/
• They were → /ðeɪ wə/

Repeat after me:I am ready. She is working. We are learning. They were waiting.
(Students repeat.)

8. Summary and Homework (30 seconds)

Teacher:
Let’s summarise.

BE verbsare am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being.
They are used forcontinuous tenses(BE + V-ing) andpassive voice(BE + V3).
BE can also be alinking verb(BE + noun/adjective).
BE makes its own questions and negatives — no do/does/did.

Your homework:
Write five sentences using BE verbs.
Use at least one continuous tense, one passive voice, one negative, and one question.

That’s all for today. Thank you, everyone. See you next class!

End of Teacher’s Script

📘 3 TYPES of AUXILIARY VERBS — 笔记整理与补充

助动词三大类：BE / HAVE / DO
本页重点整理BE verbs，并补充进行时、被动语态、常见错误、发音连读。

1️⃣ 助动词三大类型

2️⃣ BE verbs 详解

2.1 形式与发音（英音）

2.2 用法一：进行时 Continuous Tenses

进行时表示动作正在进行。

补充：

• 进行时强调“正在进行”，不强调结果。
• 有些动词一般不用进行时：know, like, want, believe, belong 等。

2.3 用法二：被动语态 Passive Voice

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

基本结构：Subject + be + past participle (V3)

例子：

• The letterwas writtenby Tom.
• Englishis spokenall over the world.

各时态的被动语态：

注意：

• 只有及物动词才有被动语态。
• 被动语态中，动作执行者用by引出。
• 不强调执行者时可省略 by。

2.4 补充：BE 作为系动词（主系表）

BE 也可以作主要动词，表示“是”，后面接名词或形容词。

• Sheisa teacher.
• Iamhappy.
• Theyaretired.

区别：

2.5 否定与疑问

注意：BE 动词自己构成疑问和否定，不用 do/does/did。

2.6 常见错误

2.7 发音与连读（英音）

弱读：

• am → /əm/
• is → /z/ 或 /s/
• are → /ə/
• was → /wəz/
• were → /wə/

连读：

• I am → /aɪ əm/ 或 /aɪm/
• She is → /ʃiː ɪz/ 或 /ʃiːz/
• We are → /wiː ɑː/ 或 /wiə/
• They were → /ðeɪ wɜː/ 或 /ðeɪ wə/

3️⃣ 一页 A4 总结

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